What is Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)?

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Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of related eye disorders that cause progressive vision loss. These disorders affect the retina, which is the layer of light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. In people with retinitis pigmentosa, vision loss occurs as the light-sensing cells of the retina gradually deteriorate.

The first sign of retinitis pigmentosa is usually a loss of night vision, which becomes apparent in childhood. Problems with night vision can make it difficult to navigate in low light. Later, the disease causes blind spots to develop in the side (peripheral) vision. Over time, these blind spots merge to produce tunnel vision. The disease progresses over years or decades to affect central vision, which is needed for detailed tasks such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. In adulthood, many people with retinitis pigmentosa become legally blind.

The signs and symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa are most often limited to vision loss. When the disorder occurs by itself, it is described as nonsyndromic. Researchers have identified several major types of nonsyndromic retinitis pigmentosa, which are usually distinguished by their pattern of inheritance: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked.

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Less commonly, retinitis pigmentosa occurs as part of syndromes that affect other organs and tissues in the body. These forms of the disease are described as syndromic. The most common form of syndromic retinitis pigmentosa is Usher syndrome, which is characterized by the combination of vision loss and hearing loss beginning early in life. Retinitis pigmentosa is also a feature of several other genetic syndromes, including Bardet-Biedl syndrome; Refsum disease; and neuropathy, ataxia, and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP).

How common is retinitis pigmentosa?

Retinitis pigmentosa is one of the most common inherited diseases of the retina (retinopathies). It is estimated to affect 1 in 3,500 to 1 in 4,000 people in the United States and Europe.

What genes are related to retinitis pigmentosa?

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Mutations in more than 60 genes are known to cause nonsyndromic retinitis pigmentosa. More than 20 of these genes are associated with the autosomal dominant form of the disorder. Mutations in theRHO gene are the most common cause of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa, accounting for 20 to 30 percent of all cases. At least 35 genes have been associated with the autosomal recessive form of the disorder. The most common of these is USH2A; mutations in this gene are responsible for 10 to 15 percent of all cases of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Changes in at least six genes are thought to cause the X-linked form of the disorder. Together, mutations in the RPGR and RP2 genes account for most cases of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa.

The genes associated with retinitis pigmentosa play essential roles in the structure and function of specialized light receptor cells (photoreceptors) in the retina. These cells transmit visual signals from the eye to the brain. The retina contains two types of photoreceptors, rods and cones. Rods are responsible for vision in low light, while cones provide vision in bright light, including color vision.

Mutations in any of the genes responsible for retinitis pigmentosa lead to a gradual loss of rods and cones in the retina. The progressive degeneration of these cells causes the characteristic pattern of vision loss that occurs in people with retinitis pigmentosa. Rods typically break down before cones, which is why night vision impairment is usually the first sign of the disorder. Daytime vision is disrupted later, as both rods and cones are lost.

Read more about the RHO, RP2, RPGR, and USH2A genes.

See a list of genes associated with retinitis pigmentosa.

How do people inherit retinitis pigmentosa?

Retinitis pigmentosa often has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, which means one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. Most people with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa have an affected parent and other family members with the disorder.

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Retinitis pigmentosa can also have an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, which means both copies of a gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

This condition can also be inherited in an X-linked pattern. The genes associated with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa are located on the X chromosome, which is one of the two sex chromosomes. In males (who have only one X chromosome), one altered copy of the gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the condition. In females, (who have two X chromosomes), mutations usually have to occur in both copes of the gene to cause the disorder. However, at least 20 percent of females who carry only one mutated copy of the gene develop retinal degeneration and associated vision loss. In most cases, males experience more severe symptoms of the disorder than females. A characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons.

In 10 to 40 percent of all cases of retinitis pigmentosa, only one person in a family is affected. In these families, the disorder is described as simplex. It can be difficult to determine the inheritance pattern of simplex cases because affected individuals may have no affected relatives or may be unaware of other family members with the disease. Simplex cases can also result from a new gene mutation that is not present in other family members.

Where can I find information about diagnosis or management of retinitis pigmentosa?

These resources address the diagnosis or management of retinitis pigmentosa and may include treatment providers.

· American Foundation for the Blind: Living with Vision Loss

· Foundation Fighting Blindness: Treatment of Retinitis Pigmentosa

· Gene Review: Retinitis Pigmentosa Overview

· Genetic Testing Registry: Retinitis pigmentosa

· RP Fighting Blindness: Treatment of Retinitis Pigmentosa

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You might also find information on the diagnosis or management of retinitis pigmentosa inEducational resources and Patient support.

General information about the diagnosis and management of genetic conditions is available in the Handbook. Read more about genetic testing, particularly the difference between clinical tests and research tests.

To locate a healthcare provider, see How can I find a genetics professional in my area? in the Handbook.

Where can I find additional information about retinitis pigmentosa?

You may find the following resources about retinitis pigmentosa helpful. These materials are written for the general public.

· MedlinePlus - Health information (2 links)

· Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center - Information about genetic conditions and rare diseases (2 links)

· Additional NIH Resources - National Institutes of Health (2 links)

· Educational resources - Information pages (7 links)

· Patient support - For patients and families (7 links)

You may also be interested in these resources, which are designed for healthcare professionals and researchers.

· Gene Reviews

- Clinical summary

· Genetic Testing Registry - Repository of genetic test information (1 link)

· ClinicalTrials.gov

- Linking patients to medical research

· PubMed

- Recent literature

· OMIM

- Genetic disorder catalog

What other names do people use for retinitis pigmentosa?

cone-rod retinal dystrophy
pigmentary retinopathy
rod-cone dystrophy
RP
tapetoretinal degeneration

For more information about naming genetic conditions, see the Genetics Home Reference Condition Naming Guidelines and How are genetic conditions and genes named? in the Handbook.

What if I still have specific questions about retinitis pigmentosa?

Ask the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

Where can I find general information about genetic conditions?

The Handbook provides basic information about genetics in clear language.

· What is mitochondrial DNA?

· Can changes in mitochondrial DNA affect health and development?

· What are the different ways in which a genetic condition can be inherited?

· If a genetic disorder runs in my family, what are the chances that my children will have the condition?

These links provide additional genetics resources that may be useful.

· Genetics and Health

· Resources for Patients and Families

· Resources for Health Professionals

What glossary definitions help with understanding retinitis pigmentosa?

ataxia ; autosomal ; autosomal dominant ; autosomal recessive ; cell ; chromosome ; cones ; gene ;inheritance ; inheritance pattern ; inherited ; mutation ; neuropathy ; new gene mutation ;pattern of inheritance ; peripheral ; receptor ; recessive ; retina ; rods ; sex chromosomes ; sign ;syndrome ; tissue

You may find definitions for these and many other terms in the Genetics Home Reference Glossary.

The above information is from the National Institutes for Health. Learn more on their website at http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/retinitis-pigmentosa.

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General Information About Pancreatic Cancer

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KEY POINTS

· Pancreatic cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the pancreas.

· Smoking and health history can affect the risk of pancreatic cancer.

· Signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer include jaundice, pain, and weight loss.

· Pancreatic cancer is difficult to detect (find) and diagnose early.

· Tests that examine the pancreas are used to detect (find), diagnose, and stage pancreatic cancer.

· Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

Overview

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The pancreas lies behind the stomach and in front of the spine. There are two kinds of cells in the pancreas. Exocrine pancreas cells make enzymes that are released into the small intestine to help the body digest food. Neuroendocrine pancreas cells (such as islet cells) make several hormones, including insulin and glucagon, that help control sugar levels in the blood.

Most pancreatic cancers form in exocrine cells. These tumors do not secrete hormones and do not cause signs or symptoms. This makes it hard to diagnose this type of pancreatic cancer early. For most patients with exocrine pancreatic cancer, current treatments do not cure the cancer.

Some types of malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, such as islet cell tumors, have a better prognosis than pancreatic exocrine cancers.

Pancreatic cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the pancreas.

The pancreas is a gland about 6 inches long that is shaped like a thin pear lying on its side. The wider end of the pancreas is called the head, the middle section is called the body, and the narrow end is called the tail. The pancreas lies between the stomach and the spine.

African Americans have higher rates of pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality than whites or other racial/ethnic groups. Pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality rates also are higher in men than in women.

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Cigarette smoking is the most important risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Additional risk factors include personal history of diabetes or chronic inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), obesity, certain hereditary conditions, and a family history of the disease or pancreatitis. Early-stage pancreatic cancer is often asymptomatic, and there is no routine screening test for pancreatic cancer. Standard treatments for pancreatic cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, chemoradiation, and targeted therapy.

The above information about pancreatic cancer is from cancer.gov

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